How to Store Lithium Batteries? Fire Safety and Best Practices

Lithium batteries are widely used in various electronic devices and vehicles, but storing them properly is crucial to avoid safety hazards such as fires or explosions. It is important to follow the best practices for storing lithium batteries to ensure fire safety and optimal conditions.

Key Takeaways

• Lithium ion battery fires can occur due to overheating, physical damage, or improper handling, so it's crucial to follow safety guidelines to prevent accidents.
• Proper lithium ion battery storage includes keeping batteries in a cool, dry place, avoiding direct sunlight, and ensuring they are stored at a moderate charge level to maximize their lifespan.
• Unlike lead acid batteries, which are more stable, lithium batteries require more careful handling and disposal due to the risks of fire and environmental hazards.
• Damaged battery cells should never be stored or used, as they increase the likelihood of leaks, fires, and other safety risks.
• Li ion cells degrade over time, even when not in use, so maintaining a partial charge during storage and regular inspections are essential to prolong battery life.

What Are Lithium Batteries?

Lithium batteries are a type of rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery that relies on lithium as a key component in their chemical composition. They are known for their high energy density, long lifespan, and ability to retain a charge for extended periods, making them popular in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and more.

Lithium Ion vs. Lithium Metal Batteries

There are two primary types of lithium batteries: Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) and Lithium Metal batteries.

Lithium-Ion batteries (Li Ion) are rechargeable batteries commonly found in smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles. They are valued for their high energy density and the ability to be recharged hundreds of times. Li-ion batteries are known for their efficiency, but improper storage can lead to overheating or even fire hazards.

On the other hand, lithium metal batteries are typically non-rechargeable and are often used in devices like watches, pacemakers, and cameras. They have a higher energy density than Li-ion batteries, but they are more prone to overheating and potential fire risks if mishandled.

Lithium batteries power a wide variety of everyday devices. Some common items include:

• Smartphones and tablets
• Laptops and other portable electronics
• Electric vehicles (EVs)
• Power tools
• Smartwatches and fitness trackers
• Digital cameras
• Drones
• Cordless household appliances

Why Are Lithium Batteries Dangerous?

Lithium batteries, while efficient and powerful, pose certain risks due to the volatile materials used in their construction. When not stored or handled properly, these batteries can become unstable and create hazardous conditions. The primary reason for the danger lies in the high energy density and the flammable electrolyte found inside lithium batteries. Potential dangers of lithium batteries include:

• Overheating: Lithium batteries can overheat if exposed to high temperatures or direct sunlight, potentially leading to thermal runaway and fire.
• Short Circuit: When the terminals of a lithium battery come into contact with metal objects, it can cause a short circuit, resulting in heat generation, fire, or explosion.
• Swelling: Improper charging or exposure to extreme temperatures can cause the battery to swell, indicating internal damage and posing a fire hazard.
• Leakage: Damaged lithium batteries can leak dangerous chemicals, which can be harmful to users and corrosive to devices.
• Fire: Poor storage conditions, such as exposure to heat or physical damage, can lead to lithium batteries catching fire due to their flammable electrolyte.
• Explosion: In extreme cases, a combination of overheating, swelling, or short circuits can cause lithium batteries to explode, particularly when punctured or exposed to fire.
• Toxic Fumes: If a lithium battery catches fire or explodes, it may release toxic fumes, which can be hazardous when inhaled.

Standards and Regulations on Lithium Batteries

Considering the nature of lithium batteries, the following standards and regulations serve as guidelines for proper use, storage, and disposal of these items:

• U.S. DOT 49 CFR 173.185: Outlines packaging, labeling, and handling requirements for shipping lithium batteries to prevent accidents during transport.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), lithium batteries classified as hazardous waste must be disposed of through approved recycling or hazardous waste facilities.
• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200: Provides general guidelines for the safe handling and storage of lithium batteries in workplaces to prevent fires and exposure to hazardous substances.
• NFPA 70E: Offers safety requirements for storing lithium batteries to avoid overheating and fire risks.
• International Air Transport Association (IATA): The Lithium Battery Guidance Document sets packaging, labeling, and storage rules for air transport to prevent battery-related fires.

How to Store Lithium Batteries

Storing lithium batteries safely requires attention to several environmental factors and proper handling techniques. Here is a comprehensive guide on how to store lithium batteries properly, along with some more safety tips and guidelines to avoid risks and potential hazards.

Factors to Consider When Storing Lithium Ion Batteries

• Temperature: Batteries should be stored in a cool, dry environment, ideally at room temperature. Do not charge the battery under extreme temperatures, such as below 32°F (0°C) or above 105°F (40°C), as extreme heat can cause the battery to overheat or degrade over time, while freezing temperatures can reduce its performance.
• Light: Direct sunlight or prolonged exposure to light should be avoided when storing lithium batteries. Ultraviolet (UV) light and excessive heat from the sun can lead to overheating or cause the battery casing to weaken, increasing the risk of leakage or fire.
• Humidity: High humidity can cause corrosion on battery terminals and may damage the internal components. 
• Airflow and Ventilation: Ensure proper airflow around stored batteries to avoid heat accumulation. Good ventilation helps regulate temperature and prevents hotspots that could lead to overheating. 
• Physical Location: Store lithium batteries in a safe, dry, and easily accessible location, away from flammable materials. Choose a place where they will not be physically damaged, such as a secure shelf or designated storage box with dividers to prevent batteries from touching each other.
• Condition of Batteries: Before storing, check the batteries for any visible signs of damage such as cracks, swelling, or leakage. Never store damaged batteries, as they pose a higher risk of fire or explosion.
• Duration of Charge: For long-term storage, lithium-ion batteries should be stored at about 40-50% charge. Storing them fully charged or fully depleted can lead to degradation over time.
• Weather Conditions: If storing batteries in environments subject to changing weather, such as garages or sheds, ensure they are in insulated containers to prevent exposure to extreme cold or heat.

Steps in Storing Lithium Batteries

With these factors in mind, here are the steps how to store lithium batteries properly:

1. Inspect the Batteries: Before storage, check the batteries for any damage, swelling, or leakage. Discard any compromised batteries following appropriate safety protocols.
2. Partially Charge the Batteries: Charge lithium-ion batteries to around 40-50% of their capacity before storing. This will help maintain the battery’s health over time.
3. Store in a Cool, Dry Place: Select a location that is cool, away from direct sunlight, moisture, and extreme temperatures. Avoid storing batteries near flammable materials.
4. Keep Batteries Separated: Use a container with dividers or individual protective cases to store the batteries separately. This prevents terminals from touching, which could cause short circuits.
5. Monitor Storage Conditions: Periodically check on the batteries to ensure they remain in good condition and are not exposed to heat, moisture, or physical damage.

Lithium Battery Storage Tips and Safety Practices

For added safety, it’s advisable to store lithium batteries in fireproof or flame-retardant containers, especially when dealing with large quantities. Proper spacing is also essential when storing multiple batteries, as overpacking can restrict airflow and increase the risk of overheating. Additionally, keep batteries away from metal objects like keys, coins, or tools to prevent accidental short circuits if they come into contact with battery terminals.

When storing lithium batteries for extended periods, it's important to label and date them to track how long they’ve been stored. This practice helps in rotating usage and avoiding the use of old batteries that may have degraded. Before using any stored battery, inspect for damage such as swelling or leakage, and immediately dispose of damaged batteries following proper safety procedures.

What to Do In Case of Lithium Battery Fire?

Lithium battery fires are often the result of thermal runaway, a chain reaction triggered by overheating, overcharging, or physical damage to the battery. This causes the internal temperature to rise rapidly, leading to the combustion of the battery’s flammable electrolyte. In case of lithium battery fire, proceed to:

• Evacuate the area and call emergency services immediately.
• For small, manageable fires, use a Class D fire extinguisher or dry chemical extinguisher.
• Avoid using water, especially for large lithium fires, as it can spread the flames.
• In enclosed spaces, ensure proper ventilation and avoid inhaling toxic smoke.
• Do not move or touch a burning battery.
• If safe, disconnect power sources to prevent further escalation.

Lithium Battery Spill and Leak Containment

Lithium battery leaks can occur due to several factors, most often related to physical damage or improper handling. When this happens, it releases harmful chemicals that can pose serious risks to health and safety, including skin burns, respiratory irritation, or even fire hazards. Safely deal with a lithium battery spill by:

• Evacuating the area and ensuring the safety of individuals by keeping them away from the spill.
• Wearing appropriate protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and masks to prevent direct contact with the battery’s chemicals.
• Containing the spill using a non-reactive absorbent material like sand or vermiculite to soak up the leaked electrolyte.
• Collecting the damaged battery and any contaminated material, and placing them in a fireproof container for proper disposal as hazardous waste.
• Ventilating the area to disperse any fumes, ensuring that no ignition sources (such as flames or sparks) are nearby.
• Reporting and documenting the spill as per local hazardous material protocols for safe handling and disposal.

How to Dispose of Lithium Batteries

Proper disposal of lithium batteries is critical for both environmental safety and personal safety. Lithium batteries contain hazardous materials, such as heavy metals and toxic chemicals, that can leak into the environment if they are not disposed of correctly. Improper disposal in regular household trash can also lead to fires in landfills or waste facilities due to the battery’s flammable nature. Additionally, recycling lithium batteries helps conserve valuable materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, reducing the need for resource extraction and minimizing environmental impact.

Considering this, here’s how to dispose of lithium batteries properly:

1. Remove the Battery Safely: If the battery is in a device, power off the device and carefully remove the battery without damaging it. Never handle a swollen, leaking, or damaged battery without protective gear.
2. Check Local Regulations: Verify the specific guidelines and regulations in your area regarding the disposal or recycling of lithium batteries. Many local governments provide collection points for hazardous waste.
3. Recycle at Designated Facilities: Lithium batteries should be taken to authorized recycling or hazardous waste disposal facilities. Many electronics stores or local recycling centers have drop-off points for battery recycling.
4. Store Batteries for Disposal: If you are storing batteries before disposal, place them in a fireproof container and keep them away from metal objects or flammable materials until you can take them to a recycling facility.
5. Label and Separate: When transporting batteries for disposal, ensure they are labeled as lithium and stored separately to prevent accidental contact that could lead to short circuits or fires.

Storing, handling, and disposing of lithium batteries properly is essential for both safety and battery longevity. By following best practices—such as maintaining the right storage conditions, knowing how to respond to emergencies, and ensuring proper disposal—you can avoid potential hazards and get the most out of your batteries

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FAQs

Do lithium batteries last longer?

Yes, lithium batteries typically last longer than other types of batteries due to their high energy density and ability to hold a charge for extended periods. With proper care, including avoiding overcharging and storing them in optimal conditions, lithium batteries can maintain their efficiency for several years.

What to do if you inhale lithium battery fumes?

If you inhale lithium battery fumes, it’s important to move to fresh air immediately to avoid further exposure. Seek medical attention if you experience symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, or irritation in the throat or lungs. Lithium battery fumes can be toxic and irritating, so it’s critical to avoid inhalation whenever possible.

Is it better to store lithium-ion batteries charged or uncharged?

It is recommended to store lithium-ion batteries partially charged, ideally at around 40-50%. Storing them fully charged or fully depleted can shorten their lifespan and degrade their performance over time. A moderate charge level ensures battery longevity during storage.

Do lithium batteries degrade if not charged?

Yes, lithium batteries can degrade even if they are not used or charged. Over time, their internal components may break down, leading to reduced capacity and performance. Proper storage practices, such as maintaining a partial charge and storing in cool, dry conditions, can help slow this degradation.