ANSI Z358.1-2014: A Compliance Guide to the Emergency Eyewash & Shower Standard

In industrial settings, workers are often exposed to hazardous chemicals, fine particles, and mechanical debris such as dust, metal shavings, and splinters. When these substances come into contact with the eyes, they can cause serious injuries that potentially lead to long-term damage or permanent vision loss.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 18,510 eye-related injuries or illnesses in 2020 led to at least one day away from work, with an overall incidence rate of 1.7 cases per 10,000 full-time workers.

Most of these incidents, or specifically 11,980 cases, were caused by contact with objects or equipment. Nearly 60% of the cases involved workers being abraded by or rubbing foreign material in their eyes, while over one-third were the result of being struck directly by an object or equipment.

These issues highlight why a clear understanding of the emergency shower and eyewash station requirements under ANSI Z358.1 is necessary for safety and compliance. 

Key Takeaways

• The ANSI/ISEA Z358.1 standard defines minimum performance and location specifications for different types of eyewash and shower equipment.

• While OSHA doesn’t mandate ANSI Z358.1, it frequently references the standard during inspections.

• Understanding eyewash station distance requirements, proper water temperature, and eyewash station height requirements is necessary to pass inspections.

• Regular flushing is an effective method to reduce microbial risk and maintain the safe operation of emergency eyewash stations and safety showers.

What is ANSI/ISEA Z358.1?

First introduced in 1981, ANSI/ISEA Z358.1 is the American National Standard for Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment. Authored and released by the International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA), an organization accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop standards, this guideline sets the design, installation, performance, and testing of drench showers and eyewash stations, aimed at the emergency treatment of individuals exposed to hazardous substances.

Over time, the standard has evolved to reflect better practices and accommodate workplace realities, most recently resulting in the ANSI Z358.1-2014 revision.

Integration with OSHA Regulations

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a regulatory agency responsible for enforcing occupational health and safety legislation in the United States. While OSHA does not formally incorporate ANSI standards into its voluntary standards and regulatory framework, it frequently cites ANSI Z358.1 as the accepted benchmark for the correct installation and maintenance of emergency eye/face wash and shower stations.

Specifically, OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.151(c) states: “Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious or corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use.” 

Some states administer their own OSHA-approved plans and may impose stricter or more detailed emergency shower and eyewash station requirements. To avoid gaps in compliance, it’s important to check with your state OSHA office or review local regulations that apply to your industry and location.

2014 Updates to ANSI Z358.1

While the core of the ANSI Z358.1 standard remained largely unchanged from the 2009 version, the ANSI Z358.1-2014 revision introduced specific international standards and updates to existing standards to enhance usability and safety. Here are the notable changes, with references to the specific sections of the standard:

• • Hands-free operations: Section 4.1.5 states that, “Emergency showers shall be designed, manufactured and installed in such a manner that, once activated, they can be used without requiring the use of the operator’s hands.”

  • Weekly visual checks of self-contained emergency showers: Section 4.6.3 states that “Self-contained emergency showers shall be visually checked weekly to determine if flushing fluid needs to be changed or supplemented. Such inspection shall be conducted in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.”

  • Height of the flushing fluid stream: Sections 5.4.4 and 6.4.4 state that Eyewashes and eye/face wash stations shall “be arranged such that the flushing fluid flow pattern as described in Section 5.1.8 (and 6.1.8) is not less than 33 in. and no greater than 53 in. from the surface on which the user stands and 6 in. minimum from the wall or nearest obstruction.” The 2009 international standards limited nozzle height to 45", while the 2014 revision focuses on the fluid flow pattern, setting its maximum height at 53".

  • Weekly visual checks of self-contained eyewashes: Section 5.5.3 states that "Self-contained eyewashes shall be visually checked weekly to determine if flushing fluid needs to be changed or supplemented. Such inspection shall be conducted in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions."

ANSI Z358.1-2014 Safety Requirements

Personal Wash Unit

ANSI standards acknowledge the use of personal wash units, such as bottled eyewash containers, as supplemental equipment in areas where plumbed or self-contained stations aren't feasible. However, ANSI does not consider these units a substitute for primary emergency eyewash stations.

Tepid Water

The standard defines tepid water as water maintained between 60°F (16°C) and 100°F (38°C). Water outside this range can deter use or cause further injury. This emphasizes the need for temperature control systems that deliver and maintain tepid water throughout the full 15-minute flush period. Additionally, consultation with medical professionals may be needed for chemicals sensitive to warm water.

First Aid Devices

Emergency showers and eye/face wash units are classified as first aid devices, and therefore, they must be immediately available for use without delay. Equipment must activate immediately and remain operational without the need for the user to hold valves open manually. However, this does not mean they substitute primary protective devices like safety glasses and face shields.

Wastewater Disposal

Facilities must plan for the safe collection and drainage of wastewater from the eyewash and shower stations, which may include drains in new construction or dedicated waste containment systems. Failure to dispose of flushing fluid properly can create slip hazards and pose risks to impaired workers. Compliance with local ordinances and regulations is necessary when planning disposal methods.

Identification

Each eyewash and shower equipment should be clearly marked with safety equipment location sign to allow quick recognition during an emergency. According to the ANSI Z535.2-2023 standard for facility safety signage, signs for emergency eyewash stations typically feature a standardized green-and-white pictogram. In environments with high noise levels or visual clutters, some facilities also use illumination or audible alarms to further draw attention to the station.

Emergency Response

Mere installation of emergency equipment is insufficient for ensuring worker safety. Employees must be trained in the location and proper use of emergency equipment. Regular maintenance of equipment is also crucial. Ultimately, employers should develop a comprehensive response plan focused on providing prompt assistance to injured workers in case of accidents.

ANSI Z358.1-2014 Installation Considerations

Location and Distance

Emergency equipment should be installed within 10 seconds of walking time from the hazard, approximately 55 feet. It should be on the same level as the hazard, with an unobstructed and straight path to access the equipment. In high-risk areas handling strong acids or caustics, emergency eyewash equipment should be adjacent to the hazard. Laboratory environments may require recessed eyewash/shower cabinets and dual-purpose units at lab sinks.

💡 Expert Tip

“Don’t place them (eyewash stations and showers) where temperature is below < 60 or above >100 degrees Fahrenheit.” — Malcolm D. Jacobs, MSc. CHST®, CCSHCO™ , STSC® shares his thoughts on What are the Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using Eye Wash Stations and Showers?

Height Requirements

The standard sets specific eyewash station height requirements to make sure the water streams properly reach the eyes without requiring awkward positioning. For eye/face wash units, the nozzles should be positioned between 33 and 53 inches from the surface where the user stands. For shower units, the height of water column is between 82 inches and 96 inches above the floor.

Water Capacity, Pressure, and Flow Rate

Emergency drench showers and eye/face wash equipment must have a minimum pressure of 30 psi (207 kPa), ideally supplied at 45 psi (310 kPa). This range supports a steady, uniform flow that is forceful enough to flush contaminants without causing additional harm to the eyes or skin. 

Flow rate is also a critical factor in ensuring contaminants are properly flushed from the eyes or body. ANSI defines minimum flow rates for different types of equipment to ensure a continuous rinse that lasts at least 15 minutes

• • Eyewash stations: minimum 0.4 gallons per minute (GPM)

  • Eye/face wash units: minimum 3.0 GPM 

  • Emergency showers: minimum 20 GPM

For self-contained units in remote or outdoor locations, the tank must hold enough fluid to meet these flow rate and duration requirements. This makes proper sizing and maintenance essential for compliance and readiness.

Valve Operation

Hands-free valve activation in eyewash stations and emergency showers is designed to allow immediate, unassisted use. For eyewash stations, these units typically have a push plate, paddle, or foot pedal. For emergency showers, activation is usually done with a pull rod or triangular handle. The valve remains open until it is manually returned to the closed position. In some cases, self-closing ball valves may be allowed in less hazardous environments, with proper shut-off valve security measures in place.

Corrosion Resistance

All components of the emergency eye wash and shower equipment, including pipes, fittings, valves, and accessories, should be made of materials that are resistant to corrosion. Materials like epoxy-coated galvanized steel, chrome-plated brass, stainless steel, and PVC are highly recommended to users for durability.

Anti-Freeze Equipment

Freeze-resistant emergency eyewash equipment is essential in cold climates. Options include temperature-actuated bleed valves, remote-activated valves, electrically heated units, and heated enclosures to protect both equipment and users from freezing temperatures.

ANSI Requirements for Eyewash Stations and Emergency Showers

Emergency Eyewash Stations

Emergency eyewash stations are small, compact units with two closely spaced spray heads designed to rinse only the eyes. They are typically activated by pushing a lever or pressing a button, these stations must provide a hands-free operation once turned on. The user should hold their eyes open and position their face in the stream of water to thoroughly flush out contaminants.

These stations should be located within 10 seconds’ walking distance of potential hazard areas, ensuring immediate access. They must be free of obstacles, allowing a clear path for anyone in need of eye flushing. 

Emergency Eye/Face Wash Stations

Emergency eye/face wash stations are similar to eyewashes but with larger spray heads or a greater number of nozzles to provide full coverage of the eyes, face, and forehead. Typically, these stations are activated by pushing a paddle or lever, ensuring immediate hands-free operation. The user should press the activation device, then open their eyes wide and move their face around in the water stream, ensuring that all affected areas are rinsed thoroughly.

An emergency eye/face wash station should be easily accessible, prominently marked, and in locations where hazardous substances are used or stored. Read our full review of the best eye wash and eye/face wash stations for industrial safety.

Laboratory Eye/Face Wash Stations

This type of emergency eyewash equipment is specifically designed for use in laboratory settings where chemicals and hazardous materials are frequently handled. These stations are often integrated into lab fixtures and provide immediate flushing capabilities for the eyes and, in some models, the face. Laboratory eyewash stations and eye/face wash units are typically activated by a lever, foot pedal, or push plate.

These stations should be installed at every point where hazardous materials are handled, within a laboratory setting, ensuring immediate access. They need to be located away from potential obstacles, enabling a clear and quick path for any user in distress.

Self-Contained Eyewash Stations

Self-contained eyewash stations are portable units designed to provide emergency flushing when plumbed water is not available. These stations are filled with a preserved, sterile flushing tepid water suitable for immediate eye irrigation, making them ideal for remote or temporary work sites where hazardous materials are handled.

These stations are activated by pulling a lever or pushing a button that releases the flushing fluid. The user should ensure that both eyes are adequately covered by the stream or spray, keeping them open to allow thorough flushing of contaminants. Self-contained eyewash stations are particularly suited for construction sites, outdoor locations, or areas undergoing maintenance where permanent facilities are not yet installed.

Emergency Safety Shower Stations

Emergency safety shower stations are designed to provide full-body decontamination, allowing for the immediate flushing of hazardous substances from the skin, clothing, or body. These safety showers deliver a large volume of water to quickly rinse away contaminants. Activation is typically via a pull rod or handle that, when pulled, releases a deluge of water over the entire body. The user should step into the shower, ideally without clothing, to ensure complete and effective decontamination.

Safety showers must be located within 10 seconds of hazardous work areas, ensuring unobstructed and immediate access. They should be in areas where large quantities of hazardous materials are used or stored, such as chemical manufacturing plants or laboratories, to provide quick emergency access for full-body rinsing. Read our full review of the best safety shower stations.

Combination Unit Eyewash & Shower Stations

Combination unit eyewash & shower stations offer dual functionality, providing both eye/face wash and full-body shower capabilities in a single unit. This integrated approach ensures that workers can quickly respond to various types of exposure, from eye contamination to full-body chemical spills.

Activation typically involves separate controls for the emergency eye wash and shower, allowing users to operate both as needed. The eyewash is usually activated by a push lever or pedal, while the shower is activated by pulling a rod or handle.

Placement of these combination units should be in areas where there is a high risk of both eye and body exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as in mixing or handling stations within industrial or chemical processing plants. Read our full review of the best combination unit eyewash & shower stations.

Enclosed Safety Shower Stations

Enclosed safety shower stations are designed to provide privacy and protection against extreme temperatures or contamination from outside sources. These enclosed units are used in outdoor sites, cold storage, or any environment where hot and cold water extremes could affect emergency response. 

Entry into the enclosure typically activates the shower, allowing for immediate drenching. Some models may have an internal activation mechanism, such as a pull rod or handle, to start the water flow, ensuring rapid response to chemical exposure. These stations are best placed in outdoor settings or areas where hazardous materials are used or transported, providing immediate access for emergency decontamination.

ANSI Z358.1-2014 Common Compliance Challenges and Solutions

Despite clear standards, many facilities fall short of full compliance with ANSI Z358.1-2014. Inspections and audits frequently uncover issues that, while avoidable, can have serious consequences in an emergency. Below are some of the most common compliance challenges, along with practical ways to address them:

1. Incorrect Water Flow or Pressure: Low or inconsistent flow often results from poor plumbing design or lack of maintenance. Install flow control devices and verify performance with regular weekly and annual flow tests.

2. Inadequate Water Temperature Control: Water outside the tepid range can cause injury or discourage proper use. Install thermostatic mixing valves and regularly monitor temperature to stay within the ANSI-specified range.

3. Unmet Eyewash Station Distance Requirements: Stations placed too far from the hazard or behind obstacles slow emergency response. Map out high-risk areas and walk test the 10-second access rule with barriers considered.

4. Equipment Installed Too High or Too Low: Units mounted too high or too low can prevent effective use and violate ANSI guidelines Recheck installation specs during setup and during inspections, and make adjustments as needed.

5. Blocked Access or Poor Signage: Obstructions or missing signs make equipment hard to locate during an emergency. Keep all access paths clear and add high-visibility signage, consistent with ANSI Z535.2-2023 standards.

6. Missed Testing and Poor Documentation: Lack of routine testing and incomplete records are common issues during inspections. Assign testing responsibilities, keep logs, and use a checklist to maintain a consistent inspection routine.

ANSI Z358.1-2014 Required Maintenance and Inspection Procedures

Regular maintenance and testing are required to keep emergency eyewash stations and emergency showers ready for use exactly when it’s needed. In an actual emergency, a worker has seconds to act. If an eyewash station sputters, takes time to flush out discolored water, or produces a weak stream, it may indicate poor maintenance or design flaws—issues that could mean the difference between minor eye irritation and permanent vision loss.

Below are the recommended maintenance and inspection procedures to ensure emergency eyewash stations and emergency showers’ readiness for use:

Routine Maintenance Tasks

Each unit must be activated once per week to ensure proper operation and to flush out sediment or stagnant water. The test should confirm that valves activate in one second or less, water flows continuously, and nozzles are free of blockage. A full inspection must be performed at least once per year to confirm compliance with all ANSI emergency shower and eyewash station requirements. This includes checking flow rate, water temperature, valve performance, height and clearance, and signage visibility.

Cleaning and Sanitization

Improperly maintained eyewash stations create an ideal environment for bacterial growth and can become a source of serious infections, especially when water stagnates or the system isn’t flushed as scheduled. To prevent the buildup of contaminants and maintain hygienic operation, eyewash stations and shower units should be cleaned and sanitized regularly. This includes cleaning the nozzles, bowls, and other components using appropriate cleaning agents and following the manufacturer's instructions.

💡 Expert Studies

A published study by the American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC) found that microbial contamination in eyewash stations increases significantly after just one day of water stagnation. Bacteria such as Enterobacter and Mycobacterium were found in higher concentrations as water aged up to seven days. The results highlight the importance of regular flushing to reduce the risk of pathogen exposure during eyewash use. Source: Swanson CS. et al. (2022). Risks of Exposure to Microbial Contamination in Eyewash Stations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2022.11.009 

Inspection Checklist

An inspection checklist should be developed to guide members of the organization through the inspection process. An ANSI Z358.1-2014 inspection checklist typically includes items such as activation time, flow rate, water temperature, and proper nozzle alignment. Inspection also verifies equipment accessibility, signage visibility, unobstructed pathways, and whether the unit is installed at the correct height. The checklist is used to document compliance during weekly activations and annual inspections, and should include space for corrective actions and follow-up.

Emerging Best Practices and Technologies

Emerging best practices and technologies surrounding eyewash stations are driven by advancements in safety standards, automation, and integration with broader environmental and occupational health systems. Below are the key trends:

1. Tempered Water Systems: Tempered water systems use mixing valves or temperature regulators to maintain water within the ANSI-required tepid range (60°F to 100°F).

2. Flushing Fluid with Antimicrobial Additives: While not a substitute for regular maintenance, these additives help control microbial contamination in units that may sit idle for extended periods, especially in remote or low-traffic areas.

3. Automated Self-Testing: This technology performs scheduled flow checks without requiring manual activation, logging test results electronically for inspection readiness.

4. Smart Monitoring Systems: These systems can send alerts when maintenance is overdue, temperatures fall outside the tepid range, or weekly testing hasn't been logged.

5. Sensor-Activated Stations: Though not required by ANSI, a growing number of facilities are using sensor-based activation for eyewash and shower stations in high-risk or high-contamination areas.

💡 Expert Studies

New designs of eye wash stations have reversed the direction of water flow, with streams beginning at the nasal side of each eye and moving outward toward the temples. In clinical testing (ophthalmic examination), this nasal-to-temporal flow was found to be just as effective as the traditional flow direction. Source: Fogt JS. et al. (2018). Eye Wash Water Flow Direction Study: An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Eye Wash Devices With Opposite Directional Water Flow. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S157005

Even when eyewash and shower equipment is properly installed, lack of employee awareness or access is a leading cause of ineffective emergency response. Personnel responsible for maintenance and inspection must receive proper training that covers equipment operation, routine procedures, and ANSI compliance standards. This training should be practical, clearly structured, and specific to the types of systems used in the facility. To maintain effectiveness, regular competency assessments should be conducted to ensure individuals are capable of performing their duties reliably under pressure.

FAQs about the ANSI/ISEA Z358.1-2014 Standard

What is the 10-second rule for eyewash?

The 10-second rule for eyewash stations refers to the requirement that the station must be accessible within 10 seconds or roughly 55 feet of walking distance from areas where hazardous substances are used or handled. This ensures that in the event of chemical exposure, individuals can quickly reach and use the eyewash station to flush out contaminants, minimizing potential injury.

Do eyewash stations need to be hands free?

Yes, eyewash stations need to be hands-free. Once activated, the eyewash station should allow the user to keep their eyes on the flushing fluid without the need to manually hold the valve open. This ensures that individuals can use both hands to hold their eyes open and properly flush the affected area for the required duration.

What is the sufficient water flow for an eyewash/facewash station?

A sufficient water flow for an eyewash station is at least 0.4 gallons per minute (gpm), and for eye/face wash stations, it should be at least 3.0 gpm to ensure effective flushing of contaminants.

What height should an eyewash station be mounted?

The ANSI/ISEA Z358.1-2014 standard specifies that the water flow from an eyewash station should be accessible between 33 to 53 inches (84 to 135 centimeters) above the floor, ensuring users of varying heights, including those in wheelchairs, can use it comfortably. Additionally, the station should be installed at least 6 inches away from any wall or obstruction to allow clear access and proper functionality in emergencies.

How often does OSHA recommend flushing eyewash stations?

OSHA recommends that eyewash stations be flushed weekly to ensure they are in proper working order and to clear the system of any sediment or bacteria that may have accumulated. Following manufacturer guidelines is essential to guarantee adequate water flow and cleanliness in the eyewash system and stations. Moreover, a monthly operation of these stations is suggested to maintain functionality and prevent water stagnation, with a three-minute flush to clear any pipe debris.