Construction and the general industry are infamous for being among the most hazardous workplaces, with a significant number of injuries and fatalities recorded annually. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, construction sites alone account for 150,000 injuries each year. The leading causes of workplace fatalities in 2021-2022 include falls from heights, being struck by moving objects, such as flying and falling objects and being hit by moving vehicles, collectively accounting for over half of all workplace fatalities.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) plays a crucial role in setting and implementing standards that protect workers in different sectors, especially in construction and the general industry. This article explores the similarities and differences between OSHA standards for construction and general industry, providing a comprehensive understanding of their applications and implications.
Key Takeaways
- OSHA standards are tailored to address the unique risks and environments of different industries.
- Both construction and general industry standards aim to reduce workplace injuries and fatalities.
- Understanding these standards is crucial for maintaining occupational safety and health.
The Birth of OSHA Standards
Before the establishment of OSHA, occupational safety was often overlooked, leading to numerous industrial accidents and disasters. Notable incidents, such as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in 1911, highlighted the dire need for regulatory oversight. These tragedies spurred public demand for improved occupational safety measures.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 marked a significant turning point in workplace safety. This landmark legislation aimed to reduce the occupational hazard and implement a safety and health program. Under this act, OSHA conducts inspections and mandates the enforcement of safety regulations, and worker training programs. Industry experts, labor unions, and public input play vital roles in the ongoing review and revision of these standards.
Why do different industries require different OSHA standards?
Different industries present unique risks and working conditions, necessitating tailored safety standards. OSHA categorizes standards into four major areas:
- General Industry
- Construction
- Maritime
- Agriculture
Each category addresses specific safety concerns relevant to its environment, ensuring comprehensive occupational safety across various sectors.
What are the OSHA Standards for Construction and General Industry?
OSHA standards for construction and general industry are outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) found in Title 29 CFR Part 1926 for Construction Industry standards and Title 29 CFR Part 1910 for General Industry standards.
Differences between the standards for construction and general industry lie in the tailored regulations and requirements for each sector's unique hazards and work environments. These standards are continuously updated to address new challenges and technological advancements in the workplace. Let's explore the distinctions between these two sets of standards.
Scope of Work:
- OSHA Standards for Construction are applicable to activities directly related to the construction, alteration, and repair of structures, including buildings, highways, bridges, and other infrastructure projects.
- OSHA Standards for General Industry cover a broader range of non-construction workplaces, such as manufacturing facilities, warehouses, healthcare facilities, and service industries.
Hazards Addressed:
- Construction sites encompass specific risks, such as trench collapses, falls from great heights, and other workplace hazards associated with operating heavy equipment. OSHA construction standards, therefore, focus on addressing these particular risks.
- OSHA standard for general industry regulations covers risks typically present in industrial and non-construction contexts, including machine guarding, hazardous materials handling, and confined spaces.
Training Requirements:
- While both sets of standards emphasize the importance of employee training, the topics and focus of training differ.
- OSHA construction standards often require specific training on scaffolding, fall protection, and equipment operation, while OSHA’s general industry standards focus on training on machine operation, hazardous energy control procedures, and emergency control action plans.
Fall Protection Thresholds:
- The standards for the construction industry mandate fall protection for construction workers at heights of six feet or more.
- The standards for the general industry have a lower threshold, requiring employers to provide fall protection at heights of four feet or more.
Respiratory Protection:
- Although both sets of standards have provisions for respiratory protection, they may differ in specific OSHA requirements based on the nature of the work. For instance, construction standards may focus on protection against dust and particulates, while OSHA’s general industry standards may address exposure to chemical vapors.
Hazard Communication:
- OSHA standards for construction and general industry have hazard communication requirements, but the substances and hazardous chemicals commonly encountered in each sector may differ, necessitating tailored communication protocols.
Recordkeeping:
- OSHA standards for construction and general industry require employers to maintain injury and illness records for workers, but the types of records and reporting requirements may vary due to the different nature of the workplaces.
Specific Equipment Regulations:
- Construction standards have specific regulations for equipment like cranes, derricks, and scaffolding, which are commonly used in construction sites.
- General Industry standards may have specific regulations for industrial machinery, conveyors, and forklifts.
Emergency Action Plans:
- While both sets of standards require Emergency Action Plans, the details and specific procedures may differ based on the type of emergencies common in each sector.
Summary of the OSHA Standards for Construction and General Industry
| Aspect | Construction Industry (OSHA 1926) | General Industry (OSHA 1910) |
| Scope of Work | Activities related to construction, alteration, and repair of structures, buildings, highways, bridges, and other infrastructure projects. | Non-construction workplaces, including manufacturing facilities, warehouses, healthcare facilities, and service industries. |
| Hazards Addressed | Specific risks like trench collapses, falls from heights, and hazards of operating heavy equipment. | Risks in industrial and non-construction contexts, such as machine guarding, hazardous materials handling, and confined spaces. |
| Training Requirements | Specific training on scaffolding, fall protection, and equipment operation. | Training on machine operation, hazardous energy control procedures, and emergency action plans. |
| Fall Protection Thresholds |
Mandates fall protection at heights of six feet or more. | Requires fall protection at heights of four feet or more. |
| Respiratory Protection | Focus on protection against dust and particulates. | Addresses exposure to chemical vapors. |
| Hazard Communication | Tailored communication protocols for substances and hazardous chemicals commonly encountered on construction sites. | Tailored communication protocols for substances and hazardous chemicals commonly encountered in general industry settings. |
| Recordkeeping | Requires maintaining injury and illness records specific to construction-related activities. | Requires maintaining injury and illness records specific to industrial and non-construction activities. |
| Specific Equipment Regulations | Regulations for cranes, derricks, scaffolding, and other equipment commonly used in construction. | Regulations for industrial machinery, conveyors, forklifts, and other equipment used in general industry. |
| Emergency Action Plans | Details and procedures specific to emergencies common on construction sites. | Details and procedures specific to emergencies common in general industry workplaces. |
Who’s Covered by OSHA: Construction vs. General Industry
Construction standards (29 CFR 1926) cover all employees engaged in construction, alteration, and repair activities. General industry standards (29 CFR 1910) apply to a wide array of businesses, including manufacturing, healthcare, and retail.
What are the FATAL Four?
The "Fatal Four" is a term used by OSHA to refer to the four most common causes of fatalities in both the construction and general industry. This set of occupational hazard is responsible for a significant number of workplace deaths and are crucial areas of focus for promoting worker safety. The Fatal Four are the same for both industries and include:
Fall: Falls, from rooftops, ladders, scaffolding, or platforms, are the main cause of fatalities in both construction and general industry. Workers can also fall into holes or pits.
Struck by Object: This involves workers being hit by objects, debris, or equipment. In the construction industry, it includes falling debris and moving equipment. In general industry, workers may be struck by objects from shelves or moving machinery.
Electrocutions: Electrocutions happen when workers contact live electrical sources, leading to shock or electrocution. It occurs in both construction and general industry while working with electrical systems, equipment, or power lines. Following safety standards, using protective gear, and implementing lockout/tagout procedures prevent electrocutions.
Caught-in/Between: This category involves workers being trapped or crushed between objects, equipment, or machinery. In the construction industry, it includes trench collapses, heavy machinery accidents, or being pinned between vehicles. In general industry, it can happen during manufacturing processes or while working with machinery.
What are the OSHA Construction Standards?
OSHA has established several standards that address different aspects of construction work. These standards are designed to prevent accidents, injuries, and fatalities that may occur in hazardous work environments.
- Fall Protection (29 CFR 1926.501): This standard by OSHA mandates the implementation of fall protection systems for employees working at heights. This includes guardrails, safety nets, and personal fall arrest systems.
- Scaffolding (29 CFR 1926.451): This standard is a guideline for the safe use of scaffolding, including proper assembly, inspection, and employee training, which are covered under OSHA regulations to prevent falls and accidents.
- Excavation and Trenching Safety (29 CFR 1926.650): OSHA emphasizes the proper design and protective measures for excavations and trenches to prevent cave-ins and other recognized hazards.
- Lockout Tagout (29 CFR 1926.417): In the construction industry, Lockout Tagout (LOTO) is a safety procedure to keep workers safe during maintenance, repairs, or servicing of machinery. The process involves isolating the energy sources, such as electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic, and securing them with lockout devices or tags to prevent accidental energization during work. LOTO procedure is crucial for worker safety and compliance with regulations.
- Electrical (29 CFR 1926 Subpart K): This standard focuses on the safety of working with electrical hazards in construction work, covering topics such as wiring methods, equipment, and the use of electrical tools.
OSHA Standards in General Industry
- Walking-Working Surfaces (29 CFR 1910 Subpart D): General industry standards address the safe use of walking and working surfaces, including floors, stairways, and platforms.
- Machine Guarding (29 CFR 1910.212): OSHA requires that machines be properly guarded to prevent amputations and other injuries caused by moving parts.
- Hazard Communication (29 CFR 1910.1200): This standard mandates the communication of potential chemical hazards in the workplace through labeling, safety data sheets (SDS), and employee training.
- Respiratory Protection (29 CFR 1910.134): General industry standards also address respiratory protection when workers are exposed to harmful dust, fumes, or gasses.
- Lockout Tagout (29 CFR 1910.147): For General Industry, this standard deals with the control of hazardous energy during servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment to prevent unexpected startup and injuries, just like the construction industry standard.
OSHA Requirements for Training: Construction vs. General Industry
Effective training is cornerstone of occupational safety and health, enabling workers to recognize occupational hazards, understand safety protocols, and respond appropriately to emergencies. OSHA requirements for safety training in construction and general industry differ in scope and content, reflecting the unique risks associated with each sector.
Construction Industry Training Requirements
The construction industry is inherently hazardous due to its dynamic and constantly changing environment. As such, OSHA mandates employers to provide safety training to address these risks. Key training programs include:
OSHA 10-Hour and 30-Hour Construction Safety Courses
- The OSHA 10-hour course provides basic awareness training for entry-level workers, covering essential safety topics such as fall protection, electrical hazards safety, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
- The OSHA 30-hour course is more comprehensive, targeting supervisors and safety coordinators. It includes in-depth training on hazard identification, prevention, and OSHA compliance.
Competent Person Training
OSHA requires certain activities, such as excavation, scaffolding, and confined spaces, to be overseen by a "competent person" who is capable of identifying workplace hazards and has the authority to take corrective actions. Competent person training equips individuals with the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfill this role.
General Industry Training Requirements
General industry workplaces, such as manufacturing plants, warehouses, and healthcare facilities, also pose significant safety hazards. OSHA requirements for these environments are designed to address a broad range of risks:
OSHA 10-Hour and 30-Hour General Industry Safety Courses
- The OSHA 10-hour course provides foundational safety training for entry-level workers, covering topics like hazard communication, electrical safety, and emergency action plans.
- The OSHA 30-hour course offers advanced training for supervisors and safety managers, delving deeper into hazard recognition, control measures, and OSHA regulations.
OSHA Standards for Construction & General Industry: Lockout Tagout
OSHA standards for construction and general industry involve lockout & tagout procedures and are covered under 29 CFR 1910.147 - Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout). This standard aims to protect workers from the unexpected energization or startup of machinery or equipment during servicing or maintenance, which could result in serious workplace injuries or even fatalities. The LOTO program involves the following key elements:
Energy Control Program: Employers must develop and implement a comprehensive energy control procedures outline, training, and responsibilities for LOTO. This program should be written, and all affected employees must have access to it.
Equipment Identification: The standard requires the identification of all energy sources and the equipment that needs LOTO procedures. Each energy source must be clearly labeled or tagged to inform workers about its status.
Lockout Devices: Employers must provide durable lockout devices that can securely isolate energy sources to prevent accidental activation. Each authorized employee working on the equipment should have their individual lockout device.
Tagout Devices: Tagout devices should be used in conjunction with lockout procedures. These safety tags are attached to the energy-isolating device to warn others not to activate the equipment and that maintenance work is ongoing.
Lockout/Tagout Procedures: Specific written procedures for each piece of equipment must be developed, detailing the proper steps for isolating and de-energizing the machinery, as well as the safe release of stored energy.
Training and Communication: Employers are required to provide proper training to authorized employees who perform maintenance or servicing activities. Workers must understand the energy control program, LOTO procedures, and the significance of following them accurately.
Inspections and Periodic Reviews: Regular inspections of the LOTO procedures and the energy control procedures are necessary to verify their effectiveness. Employers should conduct periodic reviews to update the procedures and ensure compliance with any changes in equipment or regulations.
Group Lockout/Tagout: In situations where multiple employees are involved in maintenance or servicing activities, a group lockout/tagout procedure should be followed to ensure the safety of everyone involved.
Shift or Personnel Changes: Proper procedures must be in place to ensure a seamless transition during shift or personnel changes to prevent accidental equipment activation.
OSHA Standard for Lockout Tagout (LOTO) Procedures During Shift Change
OSHA standards for construction and general industry have specific requirements for LOTO procedures during shift changes. It is crucial to communicate effectively and follow proper procedures to ensure the safe transfer of equipment from one personnel to another and prevent accidental energization of machinery or equipment. Here are the key aspects of OSHA's Standard for LOTO procedures during shift change:
- Clear Communication Protocol: Employers must inform incoming shifts about ongoing maintenance, locked-out equipment, reasons, and authorized employees.
- Shift Handover Responsibility: Outgoing employees must brief incoming workers on LOTO status, and devices used, and emphasize its importance.
- Pre-Shift Verification: Incoming employees must confirm equipment status and check lockout/tagout devices for effectiveness.
- Establish Clear Communication: Employers must create effective channels for LOTO information exchange between shifts.
- Authorized & Trained Personnel: Only trained employees should handle equipment transfer, knowing LOTO procedures and hazards.
- Supervisory Oversight: Supervisors monitor LOTO compliance during shift change, confirming proper equipment isolation and device use.
- Final Equipment Inspection: Before removing LOTO devices, conduct a thorough check for tools, materials, and complete maintenance.
- Shift Change LOTO Records: Employers must maintain clear records of communication, equipment status, and involved employees.
Following OSHA standards for construction and general industry and prioritizing safety is crucial for a secure workplace and the well-being of all employees. Employers, workers, and supervisors must collaborate to uphold these standards and make safety a top priority. This will help reduce accidents and fatalities in both construction and general industry.
FAQs about OSHA Standards for Construction and General Industry
What is the difference between OSHA 1910 and 1926?
OSHA 1910 refers to the general industry standards, covering a wide range of workplaces such as manufacturing and healthcare. OSHA 1926 specifically addresses safety standards for the construction industry, focusing on the unique hazards found on construction sites.
When did OSHA issue the standards referred to as construction safety standards?
OSHA issued the construction safety standards in 1971, shortly after the agency was established following the passage of the OSH Act of 1970.
What are OSHA general industry standards?
OSHA general industry standards (29 CFR 1910) include regulations that apply to various workplaces, addressing safety issues such as machine guarding, hazard communication, respiratory protection, and walking-working surfaces.
Does LOTO apply to construction?
Yes, Lockout Tagout (LOTO) standards apply to construction under 29 CFR 1926.417, ensuring that workers control hazardous energy during maintenance and repair activities.
What is lockout/tagout in construction?
Lockout/tagout in construction involves procedures to isolate and control hazardous energy sources during maintenance and repair, preventing accidental startup of machinery and protecting workers from injury.
Who sets OSHA standards?
OSHA standards are set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which develops and enforces safety regulations based on research, industry input, labor unions, and public feedback.